In 2004, the Bank, jointly with other donors and the Government of Mozambique, prepared a Poverty and Social Impact Analysis on the issue of fee reform in primary school. Partly as a result of the study findings, the Government took the step of abolishing tuition fees in primary education. In 2006, Ministry of Education and Culture (MEC ) requested a repeat of this analysis, as well as a similar baseline study on barriers to enrollment for the poor in secondary education. In particular the MEC sought World Bank assistance in (a) evaluating the success of the reforms in primary education financing to date, and (b) formulating new policies and initiatives to reduce the barriers the poorest households face in accessing primary and secondary education. This panel survey is part of the Bank's response to this request.