Kakuma Refugee Camp is one of the longest-standing humanitarian settlements in sub-Saharan Africa and one of the largest refugee camps in the world. In response to recent reductions in funding for the Kenyan refugee operation, increased global competition for funds, and a common belief that not all refugees in such protracted situations have the same humanitarian assistance needs, UNHCR and WFP decided to undertake a study among refugees in Kakuma Camp. The main aims were to fill knowledge gaps regarding refugee livelihoods and the level and differences of vulnerability in refugee households, as well as to explore the feasibility of delivering more differentiated assistance and to identify the mechanisms that would need to be put in place to do so. Specifically, the study was meant to determine whether a permanent targeting mechanism could be put in place or whether other ways of prioritising assistance exist when resources are tight. The survey covered 2,000 households and was implemented in November/December 2015.