Name: Environment, Social and Governance Data
Creator: World Bank Group
Published: 2019-07-19

The BOOST initiative is a Bank-wide collaborative effort launched in 2010 to facilitate access to budget data and promote effective use for improved decision-making processes, transparency and accountability.

BOOST - Public Expenditure Database

This collection contains datasets that may be useful for analysis, response or modelling for the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Related Datasets

The Data360 initiative aims to integrate high-value data and knowledge curated in the Bank’s verticals into a user-centered data platform. 

Data 360

The Development Data Partnership platform facilitates formation of public-private partnerships for solving development challenges with technology. Specifically, the Development Data Partnership Working Group organizes opportunities for WBG staff to work with technology companies who offer pro-bono data and resources.

Development Data Partnership

This collection contains discrepancy indexes for UN COMTRADE data that aims to capture both the frequency of missed reporting and its impact on overall recorded trade value

Discrepancy Index

A collection of datasets produced through partnership between the World Bank and the European Space Agency (ESA) Earth Observation for Sustainable Development (EO4SD) initiative.

Earth Observation for Sustainable Development

Open data and analytics for a sustainable energy future.

Energy Data Info

This collection features datasets to support building policies, institutions and investments for inclusive and sustainable growth.

Equitable Growth, Finance and Institutions

Project Page: https://worldbank.github.io/GEEST/README.html 

As part of the “Geospatial Assessment of Women Employment and Business Opportunities in the Energy Sector” project, open-source Gender-related spatial data was collected for 31 Small Island Developing States (SIDS) across the globe, resulting in curated and thoroughly documented geodatabases (GDBs) that are now ready to be explored! 
Fifty-nine spatial layers were identified and then researched for each country, covering the following categories: Demographics and Population | Renewable Energy | Energy Access | Education | Jobs and Finance | Digital Inclusion | Transportation | Safety | Amenities | Climate/Earth | Law/Policy/Government. 


However, not every country GDB contains all 59 data layers, as this was dependent on the availability of open-source data in each SIDS. Users are encouraged to check the accompanying metadata excel file for more information on the datasets in each GDB, the vintage, and the

Gender Spatial Data - Small Island States

A collection of datasets that contain geospatial data. These datasets have one or more resources in a geospatial data format.

Geospatial Datasets

Collection of useful datasets from IMF made available to Bank staff via <a href=http://mydatabank.worldbank.org>myDataBank</a>

IMF Dataset

A collection of datasets to help finance the global infrastructure gap.

Infrastructure Finance Datasets

Data and dataset subscriptions managed by the Library Network on agriculture, business, economics, energy, finance, health, risk, water, and more..

Library Databases

The LinkedIn-World Bank partnership offers data to help governments and researchers understand rapidly evolving labor markets with detailed and dynamic data. It allows leaders to benchmark and compare labor markets across the world; analyze skills, occupations, migration, and industries; and leverage real-time data to make policy changes.Visualizations for many of these data are available at <a href=https://linkedindata.worldbank.org/>linkedindata.worldbank.org</a>

LinkedIn Data for Development

Collection of merchandise trade data available to World Bank staff.

Merchandise Trade Data

This collection includes datasets associated with research organized under the Bank, <a href=http://prwp.worldbank.org target='_blank' title='Opens in a new window'>Policy Research Working Papers</a>.

Policy Research Working Papers

This collection contains data on disaster and climate risk assessments curated by the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR).

Risk Data Library

This collection presents software tools and models developed by the World Bank to support monitoring, planning, programming and the economic evaluation of roads and highways works.

Road Software Tools

This spatial database, a product of the South Asia Region Chief Economist's (SARCE) Office, presents data collected from official sources and harmonized into different spatial levels. Data includes economic and environmental data across 12 topic areas, and includes data from four countries in South Asia (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal) for both 2001 and 2011.

SARCE Spatial Database

A collection of country Small Area Estimation (SAE) and Poverty Mapping that contains papers, shapefiles, and datasets produced through partnerships between the World Bank and country statistics offices.

Small area estimates / Poverty mapping

This collection consists of datasets compiled and created by the World Bank Data Lab in response to a request by the Syria Economic Monitor Team to explore alternative data sources to better understand changing trends in trade and economic activity, focusing on: surface cross-border transport routes, changes in observed agricultural production, observed nighttime lights, and reported conflict.

Syria Economic Monitor

A collection of relevant datasets to support operations in Ukraine.

Ukraine datasets

Catalogue lists all the data produced under the partnership contracts between the World Bank Group and the European Space Agency

World Bank (WBG) - European Space Agency (ESA) Database

A collection of datasets to help achieve universal access to reliable and fast internet services for all.

World Bank Digital Development Data

A collection of datasets to help achieve sustainable energy for all.

World Bank Energy Datasets

A collection of datasets to help achieve sustainable mobility for all.

World Bank Transport Data

From Data to a Water-Secure World for All. World Bank Water Data surrounding the three pillars of Sustain Water Resources, Deliver Services and Build Resilience.

World Bank Water Data

The World Development Report 2021: Data for Better Lives explores the tremendous potential of the changing data landscape to improve the lives of poor people, while also acknowledging its potential to open back doors that can harm individuals, businesses, and societies. To address this tension between the helpful and harmful potential of data, this Report calls for a new social contract that enables the use and reuse of data to create economic and social value, ensures equitable access to that value, and fosters trust that data will not be misused in harmful ways. The data used in the WDR2021 are curated as a collection here.

World Development Report 2021

The World Development Report 2022: Finance for an Equitable Recovery examines the central role of finance in the economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. In doing so, it looks into the consequences of the crisis most likely to affect emerging economies and proposes a set of policies to mitigate the interconnected financial risks stemming from the pandemic and to steer economies toward a sustainable and equitable recovery. The data used in the WDR2022 are curated as a collection here.

World Development Report 2022

The World Settlement Footprint Collection includes country datasets describing the evolution of the built-area across the globe at a ~30m resolution.

World Settlement Footprint

Population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption (also referred to as prevalence of undernourishment) shows the percentage of the population whose food intake is insufficient to meet dietary energy requirements continuously. Data showing as 5 may signify a prevalence of undernourishment below 5%.

Prevalence of undernourishment (% of population)

A cooling degree day (CDD) is a measurement designed to quantify the demand for energy needed to cool buildings. It is the number of degrees that a day's average temperature is above 18°C.

Cooling Degree Days (projected change in number of degree Celsius)

Total count of days per year where the daily mean Heat Index rose above 35°C. The Heat Index is a measure of how hot it really feels when relative humidity is factored in with the actual air temperature.

Heat Index 35 (projected change in days)

The Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), or Mean Drought Index, calculated for a 12-month period, has been found to be closely related to drought impacts on ecosystems, crop, and water resources. The SPEI is designed to take into account both precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (PET) in determining drought.

Mean Drought Index (projected change, unitless)

The percentage of people using drinking water from an improved source that is accessible on premises, available when needed and free from faecal and priority chemical contamination. Improved water sources include piped water, boreholes or tubewells, protected dug wells, protected springs, and packaged or delivered water.

People using safely managed drinking water services (% of population)

Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or, in some cases, consumption expenditure) among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages of total income received against the cumulative number of recipients, starting with the poorest individual or household. The Gini index measures the area between the Lorenz curve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality, expressed as a percentage of the maximum area under the line. Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality.

Gini index (World Bank estimate)

Children in employment refer to children involved in economic activity for at least one hour in the reference week of the survey.

Children in employment, total (% of children ages 7-14)

GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF refers to changes in atmospheric levels of all greenhouse gases attributable to forest and land-use change activities, including but not limited to (1) emissions and removals of CO2 from decreases or increases in biomass stocks due to forest management, logging, fuelwood collection, etc.; (2) conversion of existing forests and natural grasslands to other land uses; (3) removal of CO2 from the abandonment of formerly managed lands (e.g. croplands and pastures); and (4) emissions and removals of CO2 in soil associated with land-use change and management. For Annex-I countries under the UNFCCC, these data are drawn from the annual GHG inventories submitted to the UNFCCC by each country; for non-Annex-I countries, data are drawn from the most recently submitted National Communication where available. Because of differences in reporting years and methodologies, these data are not generally considered comparable across countries. Data are in million metric tons.

GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (Mt of CO2 equivalent)

Terrestrial protected areas are totally or partially protected areas of at least 1,000 hectares that are designated by national authorities as scientific reserves with limited public access, national parks, natural monuments, nature reserves or wildlife sanctuaries, protected landscapes, and areas managed mainly for sustainable use. Marine protected areas are areas of intertidal or subtidal terrain--and overlying water and associated flora and fauna and historical and cultural features--that have been reserved by law or other effective means to protect part or all of the enclosed environment. Sites protected under local or provincial law are excluded.

Terrestrial and marine protected areas (% of total territorial area)

Strength of legal rights index measures the degree to which collateral and bankruptcy laws protect the rights of borrowers and lenders and thus facilitate lending. The index ranges from 0 to 12, with higher scores indicating that these laws are better designed to expand access to credit.

Strength of legal rights index (0=weak to 12=strong)

Patent applications are worldwide patent applications filed through the Patent Cooperation Treaty procedure or with a national patent office for exclusive rights for an invention--a product or process that provides a new way of doing something or offers a new technical solution to a problem. A patent provides protection for the invention to the owner of the patent for a limited period, generally 20 years.

Patent applications, residents

Internet users are individuals who have used the Internet (from any location) in the last 3 months. The Internet can be used via a computer, mobile phone, personal digital assistant, games machine, digital TV etc.

Individuals using the Internet (% of population)

Agriculture corresponds to ISIC divisions 1-5 and includes forestry, hunting, and fishing, as well as cultivation of crops and livestock production. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 3. Note: For VAB countries, gross value added at factor cost is used as the denominator.

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP)

Net forest depletion is calculated as the product of unit resource rents and the excess of roundwood harvest over natural growth. If growth exceeds harvest, this figure is zero.

Adjusted savings: net forest depletion (% of GNI)

Annual percentage growth rate of GDP at market prices based on constant local currency. Aggregates are based on constant 2010 U.S. dollars. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources.

GDP growth (annual %)

Cause of death refers to the share of all deaths for all ages by underlying causes. Communicable diseases and maternal, prenatal and nutrition conditions include infectious and parasitic diseases, respiratory infections, and nutritional deficiencies such as underweight and stunting.

Cause of death, by communicable diseases and maternal, prenatal and nutrition conditions (% of total)

Agricultural land refers to the share of land area that is arable, under permanent crops, and under permanent pastures. Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded. Land under permanent crops is land cultivated with crops that occupy the land for long periods and need not be replanted after each harvest, such as cocoa, coffee, and rubber. This category includes land under flowering shrubs, fruit trees, nut trees, and vines, but excludes land under trees grown for wood or timber. Permanent pasture is land used for five or more years for forage, including natural and cultivated crops.

Agricultural land (% of land area)

Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees of at least 5 meters in situ, whether productive or not, and excludes tree stands in agricultural production systems (for example, in fruit plantations and agroforestry systems) and trees in urban parks and gardens.

Forest area (% of land area)

Control of Corruption captures perceptions of the extent to which public power is exercised for private gain, including both petty and grand forms of corruption, as well as "capture" of the state by elites and private interests. Estimate gives the country's score on the aggregate indicator, in units of a standard normal distribution, i.e. ranging from approximately -2.5 to 2.5.

Control of Corruption: Estimate

Energy intensity level of primary energy is the ratio between energy supply and gross domestic product measured at purchasing power parity. Energy intensity is an indication of how much energy is used to produce one unit of economic output. Lower ratio indicates that less energy is used to produce one unit of output.

Energy intensity level of primary energy (MJ/$2011 PPP GDP)

Access to electricity is the percentage of population with access to electricity. Electrification data are collected from industry, national surveys and international sources.

Access to electricity (% of population)

Sources of electricity refer to the inputs used to generate electricity. Coal refers to all coal and brown coal, both primary (including hard coal and lignite-brown coal) and derived fuels (including patent fuel, coke oven coke, gas coke, coke oven gas, and blast furnace gas). Peat is also included in this category.

Electricity production from coal sources (% of total)

Renewable electricity is the share of electrity generated by renewable power plants in total electricity generated by all types of plants.

Renewable electricity output (% of total electricity output)

Renewable energy consumption is the share of renewables energy in total final energy consumption.

Renewable energy consumption (% of total final energy consumption)

Net energy imports are estimated as energy use less production, both measured in oil equivalents. A negative value indicates that the country is a net exporter. Energy use refers to use of primary energy before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport.

Energy imports, net (% of energy use)

Nitrous oxide emissions are emissions from agricultural biomass burning, industrial activities, and livestock management.

Nitrous oxide emissions (metric tons of CO2 equivalent per capita)

Population-weighted exposure to ambient PM2.5 pollution is defined as the average level of exposure of a nation's population to concentrations of suspended particles measuring less than 2.5 microns in aerodynamic diameter, which are capable of penetrating deep into the respiratory tract and causing severe health damage. Exposure is calculated by weighting mean annual concentrations of PM2.5 by population in both urban and rural areas.

PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure (micrograms per cubic meter)

The growth rate in the welfare aggregate of the total population is computed as the annualized average growth rate in per capita real consumption or income of the total population in  the income distribution in a country from household surveys over a roughly 5-year period. Mean per capita real consumption or income is measured at 2011 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) using the PovcalNet (http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet). For some countries means are not reported due to grouped and/or confidential data. The annualized growth rate is computed as (Mean in final year/Mean in initial year)^(1/(Final year - Initial year)) - 1.  The reference year is the year in which the underlying household survey data was collected. In cases for which the data collection period bridged two calendar years, the first year in which data were collected is reported. The initial year refers to the nearest survey collected 5 years before the most recent survey available, only surveys collected between 3 and 7 years before the most recent survey are considered. The final year refers to the most recent survey available between 2011 and 2015.

Growth rates for Iraq are based on survey means of 2005 PPP$. The coverage and quality of the 2011 PPP price data for Iraq and most other North African and Middle Eastern countries were hindered by the exceptional period of instability they faced at the time of the 2011 exercise of the International Comparison Program. See PovcalNet for detailed explanations.

Annualized average growth rate in per capita real survey mean consumption or income, total population (%)

Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15-64 that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.

Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) (modeled ILO estimate)

Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period. Ratio of female to male labor force participation rate is calculated by dividing female labor force participation rate by male labor force participation rate and multiplying by 100.

Ratio of female to male labor force participation rate (%) (modeled ILO estimate)

Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment.

Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modeled ILO estimate)

Net migration is the net total of migrants during the period, that is, the total number of immigrants less the annual number of emigrants, including both citizens and noncitizens. Data are five-year estimates.

Net migration

Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life.

Life expectancy at birth, total (years)

Total fertility rate represents the number of children that would be born to a woman if she were to live to the end of her childbearing years and bear children in accordance with age-specific fertility rates of the specified year.

Fertility rate, total (births per woman)

Population ages 65 and above as a percentage of the total population. Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship.

Population ages 65 and above (% of total population)

Unmet need for contraception is the percentage of fertile, married women of reproductive age who do not want to become pregnant and are not using contraception.

Unmet need for contraception (% of married women ages 15-49)

Voice and Accountability captures perceptions of the extent to which a country's citizens are able to participate in selecting their government, as well as freedom of expression, freedom of association, and a free media. Estimate gives the country's score on the aggregate indicator, in units of a standard normal distribution, i.e. ranging from approximately -2.5 to 2.5.

Voice and Accountability: Estimate

A 25-year return level of the 5-day cumulative precipitation is the maximum precipitation sum over any 5-day period that can be expected once in an average 25-year period.

Maximum 5-day Rainfall, 25-year Return Level (projected change in mm)

Rule of Law captures perceptions of the extent to which agents have confidence in and abide by the rules of society, and in particular the quality of contract enforcement, property rights, the police, and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime and violence. Estimate gives the country's score on the aggregate indicator, in units of a standard normal distribution, i.e. ranging from approximately -2.5 to 2.5.

Rule of Law: Estimate

Regulatory Quality captures perceptions of the ability of the government to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote private sector development. Estimate gives the country's score on the aggregate indicator, in units of a standard normal distribution, i.e. ranging from approximately -2.5 to 2.5.

Regulatory Quality: Estimate

Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15 and above who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.

Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above)

Gender parity index for gross enrollment ratio in primary and secondary education is the ratio of girls to boys enrolled at primary and secondary levels in public and private schools.

School enrollment, primary and secondary (gross), gender parity index (GPI)

Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Primary education provides children with basic reading, writing, and mathematics skills along with an elementary understanding of such subjects as history, geography, natural science, social science, art, and music.

School enrollment, primary (% gross)

General government expenditure on education (current, capital, and transfers) is expressed as a percentage of total general government expenditure on all sectors (including health, education, social services, etc.). It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. General government usually refers to local, regional and central governments.

Government expenditure on education, total (% of government expenditure)

Women in parliaments are the percentage of parliamentary seats in a single or lower chamber held by women.

Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%)

Under-five mortality rate is the probability per 1,000 that a newborn baby will die before reaching age five, if subject to age-specific mortality rates of the specified year.

Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births)

Hospital beds include inpatient beds available in public, private, general, and specialized hospitals and rehabilitation centers. In most cases beds for both acute and chronic care are included.

Hospital beds (per 1,000 people)

Prevalence of overweight adults is the percentage of adults ages 18 and over whose Body Mass Index (BMI) is more than 25 kg/m2. Body Mass Index (BMI) is a simple index of weight-for-height, or the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters.

Prevalence of overweight (% of adults)

The percentage of people using improved sanitation facilities that are not shared with other households and where excreta are safely disposed of in situ or transported and treated offsite. Improved sanitation facilities include flush/pour flush to piped sewer systems, septic tanks or pit latrines: ventilated improved pit latrines, compositing toilets or pit latrines with slabs.

People using safely managed sanitation services (% of population)

Percentage share of income or consumption is the share that accrues to subgroups of population indicated by deciles or quintiles. Percentage shares by quintile may not sum to 100 because of rounding.

Income share held by lowest 20%

National poverty headcount ratio is the percentage of the population living below the national poverty line(s). National estimates are based on population-weighted subgroup estimates from household surveys. For economies for which the data are from EU-SILC, the reported year is the income reference year, which is the year before the survey year.

Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population)

Energy use refers to use of primary energy before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport.

Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita)

Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring.

CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita)

Methane emissions are those stemming from human activities such as agriculture and from industrial methane production.

Methane emissions (metric tons of CO2 equivalent per capita)

Droughts, floods and extreme temperatures is the annual average percentage of the population that is affected by natural disasters classified as either droughts, floods, or extreme temperature events. A drought is an extended period of time characterized by a deficiency in a region's water supply that is the result of constantly below average precipitation. A drought can lead to losses to agriculture, affect inland navigation and hydropower plants, and cause a lack of drinking water and famine. A flood is a significant rise of water level in a stream, lake, reservoir or coastal region. Extreme temperature events are either cold waves or heat waves. A cold wave can be both a prolonged period of excessively cold weather and the sudden invasion of very cold air over a large area. Along with frost it can cause damage to agriculture, infrastructure, and property. A heat wave is a prolonged period of excessively hot and sometimes also humid weather relative to normal climate patterns of a certain region. Population affected is the number of people injured, left homeless or requiring immediate assistance during a period of emergency resulting from a natural disaster; it can also include displaced or evacuated people. Average percentage of population affected is calculated by dividing the sum of total affected for the period stated by the sum of the annual population figures for the period stated.

Droughts, floods, extreme temperatures (% of population, average 1990-2009)

Mammal species are mammals excluding whales and porpoises. Threatened species are the number of species classified by the IUCN as endangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, out of danger, or insufficiently known.

Mammal species, threatened

Population density is midyear population divided by land area in square kilometers. Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship--except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin. Land area is a country's total area, excluding area under inland water bodies, national claims to continental shelf, and exclusive economic zones. In most cases the definition of inland water bodies includes major rivers and lakes.

Population density (people per sq. km of land area)

Annual freshwater withdrawals refer to total water withdrawals, not counting evaporation losses from storage basins. Withdrawals also include water from desalination plants in countries where they are a significant source. Withdrawals can exceed 100 percent of total renewable resources where extraction from nonrenewable aquifers or desalination plants is considerable or where there is significant water reuse. Withdrawals for agriculture and industry are total withdrawals for irrigation and livestock production and for direct industrial use (including withdrawals for cooling thermoelectric plants). Withdrawals for domestic uses include drinking water, municipal use or supply, and use for public services, commercial establishments, and homes. Data are for the most recent year available for 1987-2002.

Annual freshwater withdrawals, total (% of internal resources)

Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D), expressed as a percent of GDP. They include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.

Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)

Government Effectiveness captures perceptions of the quality of public services, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the government's commitment to such policies. Estimate gives the country's score on the aggregate indicator, in units of a standard normal distribution, i.e. ranging from approximately -2.5 to 2.5.

Government Effectiveness: Estimate

Ease of doing business ranks economies from 1 to 190, with first place being the best. A high ranking (a low numerical rank) means that the regulatory environment is conducive to business operation. The index averages the country's percentile rankings on 10 topics covered in the World Bank's Doing Business. The ranking on each topic is the simple average of the percentile rankings on its component indicators.

Ease of doing business index (1=most business-friendly regulations)

Scientific and technical journal articles refer to the number of scientific and engineering articles published in the following fields: physics, biology, chemistry, mathematics, clinical medicine, biomedical research, engineering and technology, and earth and space sciences.

Scientific and technical journal articles

Natural resource depletion is the sum of net forest depletion, energy depletion, and mineral depletion. Net forest depletion is unit resource rents times the excess of roundwood harvest over natural growth. Energy depletion is the ratio of the value of the stock of energy resources to the remaining reserve lifetime. It covers coal, crude oil, and natural gas. Mineral depletion is the ratio of the value of the stock of mineral resources to the remaining reserve lifetime. It covers tin, gold, lead, zinc, iron, copper, nickel, silver, bauxite, and phosphate.

Adjusted savings: natural resources depletion (% of GNI)

Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism measures perceptions of the likelihood of political instability and/or politically-motivated violence, including terrorism. Estimate gives the country's score on the aggregate indicator, in units of a standard normal distribution, i.e. ranging from approximately -2.5 to 2.5.

Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism: Estimate

Food production index covers food crops that are considered edible and that contain nutrients. Coffee and tea are excluded because, although edible, they have no nutritive value.

Food production index (2014-2016 = 100)

Access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking is the proportion of total population primarily using clean cooking fuels and technologies for cooking. Under WHO guidelines, kerosene is excluded from clean cooking fuels.

Environment, Social and Governance Data

Metadata